DMo
DMo, an acronym for The Disinfectant Molecue, is a colloquialism for the chemical compound chlorine dioxide.[1] Most molecular compounds have both a chemical name and a common name, for example sodium chloride (NaCl) is more commonly known as table salt or simply referred to as salt. However several compound molecules are known only by their chemical name.[2]
Chemical Composition
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a chemical compound formulated by one chlorine ion bonded with two oxygen ions. ClO2 is often referred to as acidified sodium chlorite due to the method of its creation; in the laboratory, ClO2 is prepared by oxidation of sodium chlorite.[3]
Water Treatment
As one of several oxides of chlorine, chlorine dioxide is a potent and useful oxidizing agent used in water treatment. [4] Since 1999 a growing proportion of global water treatment plants have found the use of chlorine dioxide highly effective for water treatment and other small-scale applications[5]. The Niagara Falls, New York, water treatment plant first used chlorine dioxide for drinking water treatment in 1944 for phenol destruction.[6][7] Chlorine dioxide was introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale in 1956, when Brussels, Belgium, changed from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.[8] Chlorine dioxide is also superior to chlorine when operating above pH 7,[9] in the presence of ammonia and amines and/or for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems.[10] Chlorine dioxide is used in many industrial water treatment applications, as a biocide for cooling towers, and also in food processing.[11] Chlorine dioxide is less corrosive than chlorine and superior for the control of legionella bacteria.[12][13] Chlorine dioxide is superior to some other secondary water disinfection methods in that chlorine dioxide: 1) is an EPA registered biocide, 2) is not negatively impacted by pH, 3) does not lose efficacy over time (the bacteria will not grow resistant to it) and 4) is not negatively impacted by silica and phosphate, which are commonly used potable water corrosion inhibitors. [14][15][16]
Other Disinfection Uses
Traditionally, chlorine dioxide for disinfection applications has been made by using sodium chlorite method or the sodium chlorite - hypochlorite method.[17] Chlorine dioxide can be used for air disinfection,[18] and was the principal agent used in the decontamination of buildings in the United States after the 2001 anthrax attacks.[19] After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana and the surrounding Gulf Coast, chlorine dioxide has been used to eradicate dangerous mold from houses inundated by the flood-water.[20] It is more effective as a disinfectant than chlorine in most circumstances against water borne pathogenic microbes such as viruses,[21] bacteria and protozoa – including the cysts of Giardia and the oocysts of Cryptosporidium.[22] Sometimes it is used as a fumigant treatment to 'sanitize' fruits such as blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries that develop molds and yeast.[23] Chlorine dioxide also is used for control of zebra and quagga mussels in water intakes.[24] Chlorine dioxide also was shown to be effective in bedbug eradication.[25]
Safety Issues
In many countries, such as the USA, chlorine dioxide gas may not be transported at any concentration and is almost always produced at the application site using a chlorine dioxide generator. In some countries, chlorine dioxide solution below 3 grams per liter in concentration may be transported by land, but are relatively unstable and deteriorate quickly.[26]
Chlorine dioxide gas is never handled in concentrated form, but is almost always handled as a dissolved gas in water in a concentration range of 0.5 to 10 grams per liter. Limits on exposure to chlorine dioxide are needed to ensure its safe use. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum level of 0.8 mg/L for chlorine dioxide in drinking water.[27] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the United States Department of Labor, has set an 8 hour permissible exposure limit of 0.1 ppm in air (0.3 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) for people working with chlorine dioxide.[28]
References
DMo, an acronym for The Disinfectant Molecue, is a colloquialism for the chemical compound chlorine dioxide.[1] Most molecular compounds have both a chemical name and a common name, for example sodium chloride (NaCl) is more commonly known as table salt or simply referred to as salt. However several compound molecules are known only by their chemical name.[2]
Chemical Composition
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a chemical compound formulated by one chlorine ion bonded with two oxygen ions. ClO2 is often referred to as acidified sodium chlorite due to the method of its creation; in the laboratory, ClO2 is prepared by oxidation of sodium chlorite.[3]
Water Treatment
As one of several oxides of chlorine, chlorine dioxide is a potent and useful oxidizing agent used in water treatment. [4] Since 1999 a growing proportion of global water treatment plants have found the use of chlorine dioxide highly effective for water treatment and other small-scale applications[5]. The Niagara Falls, New York, water treatment plant first used chlorine dioxide for drinking water treatment in 1944 for phenol destruction.[6][7] Chlorine dioxide was introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale in 1956, when Brussels, Belgium, changed from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.[8] Chlorine dioxide is also superior to chlorine when operating above pH 7,[9] in the presence of ammonia and amines and/or for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems.[10] Chlorine dioxide is used in many industrial water treatment applications, as a biocide for cooling towers, and also in food processing.[11] Chlorine dioxide is less corrosive than chlorine and superior for the control of legionella bacteria.[12][13] Chlorine dioxide is superior to some other secondary water disinfection methods in that chlorine dioxide: 1) is an EPA registered biocide, 2) is not negatively impacted by pH, 3) does not lose efficacy over time (the bacteria will not grow resistant to it) and 4) is not negatively impacted by silica and phosphate, which are commonly used potable water corrosion inhibitors. [14][15][16]
Other Disinfection Uses
Traditionally, chlorine dioxide for disinfection applications has been made by using sodium chlorite method or the sodium chlorite - hypochlorite method.[17] Chlorine dioxide can be used for air disinfection,[18] and was the principal agent used in the decontamination of buildings in the United States after the 2001 anthrax attacks.[19] After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana and the surrounding Gulf Coast, chlorine dioxide has been used to eradicate dangerous mold from houses inundated by the flood-water.[20] It is more effective as a disinfectant than chlorine in most circumstances against water borne pathogenic microbes such as viruses,[21] bacteria and protozoa – including the cysts of Giardia and the oocysts of Cryptosporidium.[22] Sometimes it is used as a fumigant treatment to 'sanitize' fruits such as blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries that develop molds and yeast.[23] Chlorine dioxide also is used for control of zebra and quagga mussels in water intakes.[24] Chlorine dioxide also was shown to be effective in bedbug eradication.[25]
Safety Issues
In many countries, such as the USA, chlorine dioxide gas may not be transported at any concentration and is almost always produced at the application site using a chlorine dioxide generator. In some countries, chlorine dioxide solution below 3 grams per liter in concentration may be transported by land, but are relatively unstable and deteriorate quickly.[26]
Chlorine dioxide gas is never handled in concentrated form, but is almost always handled as a dissolved gas in water in a concentration range of 0.5 to 10 grams per liter. Limits on exposure to chlorine dioxide are needed to ensure its safe use. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum level of 0.8 mg/L for chlorine dioxide in drinking water.[27] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the United States Department of Labor, has set an 8 hour permissible exposure limit of 0.1 ppm in air (0.3 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) for people working with chlorine dioxide.[28]
References
- (colloquialism). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 10, 2008, from Dictionary.com.
- Haynes, William M. (2010). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (91 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 4–58.
- Derby, R. I.; Hutchinson, W. S. "Chlorine(IV) Oxide" Inorganic Syntheses, 1953, IV, 152-158
- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 844–849.
- White, George W.; Geo Clifford White (1999). The Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley.
- EPA Guidance Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine Dioxide, US Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 2009-11-27
- Seymour Stanton Block (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 215.
- Seymour Stanton Block (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 215.
- EPA Guidance Manual, Chapter 4: Chlorine Dioxide, US Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 2009-11-27
- C. J. Volk; R. Hofmann; C. Chauret; G. A. Gagnon; G. Ranger; R. C. Andrews (2002). "Implementation of Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection: Effects of the Treatment Change on Drinking Water Quality in a Full-Scale Distribution System." J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1: 323–330. doi:10.1139/SO2-026. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- Andrews, L.; Key, A.; Martin, R.; Grodner, R.; Park, D. (2002). "Chlorine Dioxide Wash of Shrimp and Crawfish an Alternative to Aqueous Chlorine." Food Microbiology 19 (4): 261–267. doi:10.1006/fmic.2002.0493.
- Seymour Stanton Block (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 215.
- Zhe Zhang; Carole McCann; Janet E. Stout; Steve Piesczynski; Robert Hawks; Radisav Vidic; Victor L. Yu (2007). "Safety and Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide for Legionella Control in a Hospital Water System". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(8). Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- EPA Guidance Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine Dioxide, US Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 2009-11-27
- Seymour Stanton Block (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 215.
- Zhe Zhang; Carole McCann; Janet E. Stout; Steve Piesczynski; Robert Hawks; Radisav Vidic; Victor L. Yu (2007). "Safety and Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide for Legionella Control in a Hospital Water System". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(8). Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- Vogt, H.; Balej, J.; Bennett, J. E.; Wintzer, P.; Sheikh, S. A.; Gallone, P.; Vasudevan, S.; Pelin, K. (2010). "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH.doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2.
- Zhang, Y. L.; Zheng, S. Y.; Zhi, Q. (2007). "Air Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide in Saps". Journal of Environment and Health 24 (4): 245–246.
- "Anthrax Spore Decontamination Using Chlorine Dioxide." United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- http://www.cdc.gov/mold/cleanup.htm, retrieved 2014-11-18.
- Ogata N, Shibata T (January 2008). "Protective Effect of Low-concentration Chlorine Dioxide Gas Against Influenza A Virus Infection." J. Gen. Virol. 89 (Pt 1): 60–7.doi:10.1099/vir.0.83393-0.
- EPA Guidance Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine Dioxide, US Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 2009-11-27.
- Sy, Kaye V.; McWatters, Kay H.; Beuchat, Larry R. (2005). "Efficacy of Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide as a Sanitizer for Killing Salmonella, Yeasts, and Molds on Blueberries, Strawberries, and Raspberries." Journal of Food Protection (International Association for Food Protection) 68 (6): 1165–1175.
- EPA Guidance Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine Dioxide, US Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 2009-11-27.
- Gibbs SG, Lowe JJ, Smith PW, Hewlett AL., March 2012, Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide as an Alternative for Bedbug Control, Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health
- Vogt, H.; Balej, J.; Bennett, J. E.; Wintzer, P.; Sheikh, S. A.; Gallone, P.; Vasudevan, S.; Pelin, K. (2010). "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids." Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH.doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2.
- "ATSDR: ToxFAQs™ for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite."
- "Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Chlorine Dioxide." Retrieved Dec 8, 2012.